Amygdala lesions disrupt modulation of functional MRI activity evoked by facial expression in the monkey inferior temporal cortex.
We previously showed that facial expressions modulate functional MRI activity in the face-processing regions of the macaque monkey’s amygdala and inferior temporal (IT) cortex. Specifically, we showed that faces expressing emotion yield greater activation than neutral faces; we term this difference the “valence effect.” We hypothesized that amygdala lesions would disrupt the valence effect by eliminating the modulatory feedback from the amygdala to the IT cortex. We compared the valence effects within the IT cortex in monkeys with excitotoxic amygdala lesions (n = 3) with those in intact control animals (n = 3) using contrast agent-based functional MRI at 3 T. Images of four distinct monkey facial expressions--neutral, aggressive (open mouth threat), fearful (fear grin), and appeasing (lip smack)--were presented to the subjects in a blocked design. Our results showed that in monkeys with amygdala lesions the valence effects were strongly disrupted within the IT cortex, whereas face responsivity (neutral faces > scrambled faces) and face selectivity (neutral faces > non-face objects) were unaffected. Furthermore, sparing of the anterior amygdala led to intact valence effects in the anterior IT cortex (which included the anterior face-selective regions), whereas sparing of the posterior amygdala led to intact valence effects in the posterior IT cortex (which included the posterior face-selective regions). Overall, our data demonstrate that the feedback projections from the amygdala to the IT cortex mediate the valence effect found there. Moreover, these modulatory effects are consistent w
Proxy Cyber Gets Them Home
A method and apparatus for augmenting a function of neural tissue in target*. An electromagnetic signal applied to the neural tissue above the physiological stimulation frequency range at an intensity sufficient to cause the target to experience pain,.A waveform that can cause lethal temperature elevation of the neural tissue and or edema during application of the electromagnetic signal to the neural tissue.
Induction of electromagnetic frequency of continuous waves or interrupted or modulated waves remotely applied to the neural prosthetic (neural tissue) as to shatter and macroscopically separate neural tissue or heat the tissue to very high temperatures, often above cell boiling (100.degree. C.) It should be recognized that the purpose of electrosurgery generators are nontherapeutic. Use of an electrosurgical unit "testing" often requires subject be placed in a hospital and restraints because of the violent effect of the signal on tissues, whose temperature levels are raised to very high levels.
A method and apparatus for augmenting a function of neural tissue in target*. An electromagnetic signal applied to the neural tissue above the physiological stimulation frequency range at an intensity sufficient to cause the target to experience pain,.A waveform that can cause lethal temperature elevation of the neural tissue and or edema during application of the electromagnetic signal to the neural tissue.
Induction of electromagnetic frequency of continuous waves or interrupted or modulated waves remotely applied to the neural prosthetic (neural tissue) as to shatter and macroscopically separate neural tissue or heat the tissue to very high temperatures, often above cell boiling (100.degree. C.) It should be recognized that the purpose of electrosurgery generators are nontherapeutic. Use of an electrosurgical unit "testing" often requires subject be placed in a hospital and restraints because of the violent effect of the signal on tissues, whose temperature levels are raised to very high levels.
see-
Apparatus and method for closed-loop intracranical stimulation for optimal control of neurological disease
US 6366813 B1
1998
US 6366813 B1
1998
Cosman, et al.; Theoretical Aspects of Radiofrequency Lesions and the Dorsal Root Entry Zone; (1984); Neurosurgery; 15: pp. 945-950. .
Cosman, et al,; Method of Making Nervous System Lesions, in Wilkins RH, Rengachary SS (eds); (1984); Neurosurgery, vol. III; pp. 2490-2498. .
Cosman, et al,; Method of Making Nervous System Lesions, in Wilkins RH, Rengachary SS (eds); (1984); Neurosurgery, vol. III; pp. 2490-2498. .
cerebral ischemic lesions The role of anterior cingulate cortex in movement, affect and social behaviours. Split brain fetal outcomes can alter affective state and expression, and influence…experts that can verify the precise lesions we sculpted into your neural tissue remotely to help us clapboard pertinent…
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