I hate benzos..but I keep them nearby..like garlic
like a crucifix
like a silver bullet
I can use against The Mandlers
but more often than not ...anything one takes to dull one's senses against
their renditions on your mind and senses
makes them all the more aggressive
once in facy your brain signals have been stupefied they often take advantage of your "fixed stae" of dim
to go all "Lost Week End"
on your ass.
mainly though on your eyes and ears..
I don't drink any more or do drugs..
not even alcohol...my system can't handle anti -psychotics..or what they call neuroleptics...I get dystonia and what they call tardive dyskinesia...drugs like Haldol..and Thorazine and Risperadal literally make your nerves ache,,,HURT...it's one of the scariest feeling ...you can feel....it's unexplainable..
but the Valium or Ativan ..makes me feel stupid..and feel nothing..
and Evan graphs that "I take them mainly to screw up a "good" clean ,clear" Neural read or Brain Computer Interface..and "at this point in the "game' any frown man STILL afraid of
Sound and Vision is a wuss...
really?
how would you like it dear reader if you woke up and see peering down at you..
like close enough to your face you feel you can touch "it" some Tele-Presense
of what I guess THEY call the Greys..
yeah..a space alien...but a real,real ,real looking one..before you're awoke enough to remember
it's just the Merge Bio Tech..."your team" mickey-ed you with in Van Nuys..
The Grey..didn't say anything...
but I felt him..inside me
in the form of an over lay of brain signal...
via ..headset of one of my Mandlers
the signal was supposed to be Alpha -Male-esque...
and serious...until Evan ,having little self control...
whispered
:Hallo Space Boy"
"hello scenery eater <" I graphed..I tele pathized..,"very fuckign funny...what did I do ,,to deserve this New Game?"
"Ooooh I don't know jackass.<" Evan graphed ,turning the scary grey into the Great Gazoo,his voice from some E.T. shit to Harvey Korman..,"maybe I should ask Pavel.,,هل تعرف الطريق الى سان خوسيه؟
Evan graphs ,"Know who you are beginning to remind me of? Max Clinger..in "MASH" who did and said anything to get out of..""Get out of what,exactly?"I graph and than hear a loud tone zing through me
'I shouldn't have said that..," Evan graphs,apologetic ,maybe for the first time..
I focus my mind on Clinger, the guy who dressed like a woman to get out of the-
"I said Dumbo I shouldn't have said that...I amjust concerned. About some of your tactics..
I will never let you Go..
we will never let you go..
you are our project.."
"And YOU are my project...or didn't that ever occur to you..that someone you did this to..would be able to literally FOCUS on absolutely nothing else.?"
"Perhaps IF YOU did focus on something else you wouldn't have gotten yourself in this deep"
"IN WHAT! WHAT AM I IN?...first you tell me that you're Spacemen, than that you're Entities...than that you're advance technologies...that you'll cut me open alive for writing about.."
Lately...and quite seriously I can care less ..if they torture me..physically..
I feel as if they primed me for it..
feel as if THAT would be "cale" compared to this..
'ya think?" Evan graphs..
"No Evan ,I graph...I DON"T really think much anymore..I don't really feel much anymore.."
'You're exactly where you should be..venting the very last remnants of resistance...and than maybe we can continue OUR work.."Evan says
"OUR work?...I am a human Husk to you..."I graph
"a Tabula rasa"Evan graphs,Tele -Presensing himself a Max Clinger..in a sundress and straw hat.."shout ,shout <"Evan's visage ,still as Clinger,says removing one white glove than the next" Knock yourself out..." next ,applying lipstick from "his" purse,he says while "applying lipstick," Scream ,Scream do you know what I mean ..?"Finished applying the lipstick Evan 's visage re-formats it self..into the main character in Hellraiser.and his voice goes deep and momontone,the figure of pinhead coming close,too close,his hand is holding an old fashioned record player,,making sure I see the Tele -presense ..PINHEAD removes the thing you place on the turn style ,and with the help I guess of ..pixels or something he makes the record needle glean as "he " as "it"
seems to come closer..i close my eyes only to see my high school year book picture with it's eyes rubbed out"Put.
another
dime
in
the record
machine...."*
and than I see.
and hear nothing but my own heart beating faster and fast
*
The effect of Electromagnetic Frequency upon bio material in the hippocampus, entorhinal visual cortex
Nina Schuller 9/23/ 2014
Neural Nano Prosthesis Devices
.
“Visual prostheses have the potential to restore partial function to individuals by electrically stimulating different parts of the visual pathway (retina, optic nerve, or cortex) and have become an increasingly prominent topic in the field of neural prosthetics. A prosthesis may provide useful visual percepts in the form of spots of light called phosphenes.
These phosphenes form rudimentary building blocks in prosthetic vision that can be used to realize more complex patterns representing visual scenes. The possibility of restoring vision by using multiple simultaneously elicited phosphenes with a microelectronic prosthesis is the foundation for current clinical trials and is the general assumption made in prosthetic visual simulations….
Holographic optogenetic stimulation of patterned neuronal activity is also being explored for vision restoration. Again such systems make use of phosphenes to deliver information to the visual system.
The cortical mechanisms that generate geometric visual hallucinations (phosphenes) are closely related to those used to process edges, contours, surfaces, and textures. Orientation selective cells are thought to be the building blocks of form perception and the neural elaboration of Inner Vision .
Interference from retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is one model for the origin of instigated vision by way of travelling wave to initiate visual stimulus changes. Previously it has been suggested that the structure of the orientation preference maps were generating phosphenes, but it may be the case that they are acting as filters and translating and stabilizing phosphenes into solid visual image.
The Quantum Zeno Effect and Binocular Rivalry
Induction of visual stimuli not based upon associations or pre 0set cues are key feature that permit the acquisition of neural data based upon free choice "daydreaming" on the part of the subject not based on Tele-Presence to influence his or her bodily or psychological behavior.. Within the cybernetic framework of causal (situational) predictive response a prolonged study can cause a person’s brain to behave in a way that causes the body to act in accord with the person’s conscious intent and therefore a subject's response can eventually be standardized,Prof Manousakis has suggested that the ability to flip an ambiguous image is akin to quantum superposition, in which both possible interpretations co-exist simultaneously in a state that can be expressed as a quantum wave function. Each time an image is viewed, the wave function collapses and one or the other interpretations is perceived”.
Prof Manousakis has now laid out a theory of how "one see's in their mind's eye" is often based on the rate that nerve cells fire with- in the brain. Hallucinogenic drugs like LSD can slow the firing rate of brain cells This might be useful if one wants to induce a lucid dream on a subject and :play with" the subject's notion of time and spatial relationships concerning inner vision
A "Flipping" effect takes place during "Pareidolia", which is a psychological phenomenon involving a vague and random stimulus (often an image or sound) being perceived as significant. Common examples include seeing images of animals or faces in clouds, the man in the moon or the Moon rabbit, and hearing hidden messages on records when played in reverse (see Wikipedia on Apophenia). Artists often use such effects to create visual metaphors or analogies, suggesting that there is a neurological links between these and pareidolia.
The role of travelling waves in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and retina (a systems approach)
Nina Schulle October 2014
Present Remotely
Send the link below via email or IM
Present to your audience- Invited audience members will follow you as you navigate and present
- People invited to a presentation do not need a Prezi account
- This link expires 10 minutes after you close the presentation
- A maximum of 30 users can follow your presentation
- Learn more about this feature in the manual
Do you really want to delete this prezi?
Neither you, nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again. Make your likes visible on Facebook?
Connect your Facebook account to Prezi and let your likes appear on your timeline.
You can change this under Settings & Account at any time.
You can change this under Settings & Account at any time.
The role of travelling waves in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and retina (a systems approach)
Self Organisation, Travelling (spiral) waves, Cellular Automaton, Belousov-Zhabotinsky, Diffusion Reaction, Chemical Computing, Turing Patterns, Phosphenes, Binocular Rivalry, Optical Illusions, Microsaccades, Alpha,Theta and Gamma Oscillations
by Anin Relluchs on 11 April 2015
Transcript of The role of travelling waves in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and retina (a systems approach)
The role of traveling waves in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and retina
copyright Nina Schuller © October 2014
Retinal Prosthesis Devices
Phosphenes are already routinely being used as part of the design of retinal prosthesis systems.
“Visual prostheses have the potential to restore partial function to individuals by electrically stimulating different parts of the visual pathway (retina, optic nerve, or cortex) and have become an increasingly prominent topic in the field of neural prosthetics. A prosthesis may provide useful visual percepts in the form of spots of light called phosphenes.
These phosphenes form rudimentary building blocks in prosthetic vision that can be used to realize more complex patterns representing visual scenes. The possibility of restoring vision by using multiple simultaneously elicited phosphenes with a microelectronic prosthesis is the foundation for current clinical trials and is the general assumption made in prosthetic visual simulations….
Cai et al. investigated prosthetic visual acuity by altering the geometric irregularity of simulated phosphene maps and two different down-sampling schemes. Their findings showed that the irregularity of simulated phosphene maps had a negative effect on visual acuity”. y Zhao et al 2011.
Holographic optogenetic stimulation of patterned neuronal activity is also being explored for vision restoration. Again such systems make use of phosphenes to deliver information to the visual system. G A Goetz et al 2013.
Orientation Preference Maps
Edge orientation is a primary function of orientation preference mapping. This is of interest as it has been found that the sparsity of long-range inhibition in V1 plays a key functional role in preserving the normal vision state. It also contributes to the observed regularity of geometric visual hallucinations (i.e phosphenes). The results provide an explanation for the observed sparsity of long-range inhibition in V1—this generic architectural feature is an evolutionary adaptation that tunes V1 to the normal vision state. In addition, it has been shown that exactly the same long-range connections play a key role in the development of orientation preference maps.. Thomas Charles Butler et al 2011.
The cortical mechanisms that generate geometric visual hallucinations (phosphenes) are closely related to those used to process edges, contours, surfaces, and textures. PC Bressloff PC et al 2002.
Orientation selective cells are thought to be the building blocks of form perception and the neural elaboration of forms (Inner Vision by S Zeki).
Moiré interference from retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is one model for the origin of orientation maps.
It has been speculate that in species with well-developed orientation columns, the fine structure of the initiation of the travelling wave may vary when the orientation of the visual stimulus changes. Weifeng Xu et al 2007.
Previously it has been suggested that the structure of the orientation preference maps were generating phosphenes, but it may be the case that they are acting as filters and translating and stabilising phosphenes into solid visual image.
The Quantum Zeno Effect and Binocular Rivalry
Efstratios Manousakis has recently given a quantum mechanical description of the phenomena of binocular rivalry. It rests heavily upon the quantum Zeno effect, which is a strictly quantum mechanical effect that has elsewhere been proposed as the key feature that permits the free choices on the part of an observer to influence his or her bodily behavior.. Within the von Neumann dynamical framework this intervention can, with the aid of quantum Zeno effect, cause a person’s brain to behave in a way that causes the body to act in accord with the person’s conscious intent (Henry P Stapp. 2013).
It is also theorised that magnetoreception is based on a quantum zeno effect (e.g IK Kominis).
Dissipative solitons have been found to be stabilized by a quantum Zeno-like effect. Hong-Gang Luo et al 2008. They can create bistability (U Bortolozzo et al 2005). Dissipative solitons in reaction diffusion systems behave like particles.
Both bistability and associated hysteresis loops can result from chemical kinetics.
Perhaps the spiral form could act as a zeno maze within the retina.
Quantum Zeno Effect and Optical Illusions
Prof Manousakis has suggested that the ability to flip an ambiguous image is akin to quantum superposition, in which both possible interpretations co-exist simultaneously in a state that can be expressed as a quantum wave function. Each time the image is viewed, the wave function collapses and one or the other interpretations is perceived”.
Prof Manousakis has now laid out a theory of how a quantum effect could influence image flips in binocular rivalry studies and then, as good science demands, made some predictions. His predictions are based on the rate that nerve cells fired in the brain. It turns out that the hallucinogenic drug LSD can slow the firing rate of brain cells and, when he factored this effect into his quantum model, he predicted the flip rates would change too.
This is precisely what subjects who took LSD reported in experiments conducted by another group. "My theory simply explains their findings in a simple way… his theory suggests that when a stimulus such as vision freezes, the perceived time slows to a standstill.
www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3312624/A-quantum-theory-of-dreams.html
A "Flipping" effect takes place during "Pareidolia", which is a psychological phenomenon involving a vague and random stimulus (often an image or sound) being perceived as significant. Common examples include seeing images of animals or faces in clouds, the man in the moon or the Moon rabbit, and hearing hidden messages on records when played in reverse (see Wikipedia on Apophenia). Artists often use such effects to create visual metaphors or analogies, suggesting that there is a neurological links between these and pareidolia.
copyright Nina Schuller © October 2014
Retinal Prosthesis Devices
Phosphenes are already routinely being used as part of the design of retinal prosthesis systems.
“Visual prostheses have the potential to restore partial function to individuals by electrically stimulating different parts of the visual pathway (retina, optic nerve, or cortex) and have become an increasingly prominent topic in the field of neural prosthetics. A prosthesis may provide useful visual percepts in the form of spots of light called phosphenes.
These phosphenes form rudimentary building blocks in prosthetic vision that can be used to realize more complex patterns representing visual scenes. The possibility of restoring vision by using multiple simultaneously elicited phosphenes with a microelectronic prosthesis is the foundation for current clinical trials and is the general assumption made in prosthetic visual simulations….
Cai et al. investigated prosthetic visual acuity by altering the geometric irregularity of simulated phosphene maps and two different down-sampling schemes. Their findings showed that the irregularity of simulated phosphene maps had a negative effect on visual acuity”. y Zhao et al 2011.
Holographic optogenetic stimulation of patterned neuronal activity is also being explored for vision restoration. Again such systems make use of phosphenes to deliver information to the visual system. G A Goetz et al 2013.
Orientation Preference Maps
Edge orientation is a primary function of orientation preference mapping. This is of interest as it has been found that the sparsity of long-range inhibition in V1 plays a key functional role in preserving the normal vision state. It also contributes to the observed regularity of geometric visual hallucinations (i.e phosphenes). The results provide an explanation for the observed sparsity of long-range inhibition in V1—this generic architectural feature is an evolutionary adaptation that tunes V1 to the normal vision state. In addition, it has been shown that exactly the same long-range connections play a key role in the development of orientation preference maps.. Thomas Charles Butler et al 2011.
The cortical mechanisms that generate geometric visual hallucinations (phosphenes) are closely related to those used to process edges, contours, surfaces, and textures. PC Bressloff PC et al 2002.
Orientation selective cells are thought to be the building blocks of form perception and the neural elaboration of forms (Inner Vision by S Zeki).
Moiré interference from retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is one model for the origin of orientation maps.
It has been speculate that in species with well-developed orientation columns, the fine structure of the initiation of the travelling wave may vary when the orientation of the visual stimulus changes. Weifeng Xu et al 2007.
Previously it has been suggested that the structure of the orientation preference maps were generating phosphenes, but it may be the case that they are acting as filters and translating and stabilising phosphenes into solid visual image.
The Quantum Zeno Effect and Binocular Rivalry
Efstratios Manousakis has recently given a quantum mechanical description of the phenomena of binocular rivalry. It rests heavily upon the quantum Zeno effect, which is a strictly quantum mechanical effect that has elsewhere been proposed as the key feature that permits the free choices on the part of an observer to influence his or her bodily behavior.. Within the von Neumann dynamical framework this intervention can, with the aid of quantum Zeno effect, cause a person’s brain to behave in a way that causes the body to act in accord with the person’s conscious intent (Henry P Stapp. 2013).
It is also theorised that magnetoreception is based on a quantum zeno effect (e.g IK Kominis).
Dissipative solitons have been found to be stabilized by a quantum Zeno-like effect. Hong-Gang Luo et al 2008. They can create bistability (U Bortolozzo et al 2005). Dissipative solitons in reaction diffusion systems behave like particles.
Both bistability and associated hysteresis loops can result from chemical kinetics.
Perhaps the spiral form could act as a zeno maze within the retina.
Quantum Zeno Effect and Optical Illusions
Prof Manousakis has suggested that the ability to flip an ambiguous image is akin to quantum superposition, in which both possible interpretations co-exist simultaneously in a state that can be expressed as a quantum wave function. Each time the image is viewed, the wave function collapses and one or the other interpretations is perceived”.
Prof Manousakis has now laid out a theory of how a quantum effect could influence image flips in binocular rivalry studies and then, as good science demands, made some predictions. His predictions are based on the rate that nerve cells fired in the brain. It turns out that the hallucinogenic drug LSD can slow the firing rate of brain cells and, when he factored this effect into his quantum model, he predicted the flip rates would change too.
This is precisely what subjects who took LSD reported in experiments conducted by another group. "My theory simply explains their findings in a simple way… his theory suggests that when a stimulus such as vision freezes, the perceived time slows to a standstill.
www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3312624/A-quantum-theory-of-dreams.html
A "Flipping" effect takes place during "Pareidolia", which is a psychological phenomenon involving a vague and random stimulus (often an image or sound) being perceived as significant. Common examples include seeing images of animals or faces in clouds, the man in the moon or the Moon rabbit, and hearing hidden messages on records when played in reverse (see Wikipedia on Apophenia). Artists often use such effects to create visual metaphors or analogies, suggesting that there is a neurological links between these and pareidolia.
Phosphenes are already routinely being used as part of the design of retinal prosthesis systems.
“Visual prostheses have the potential to restore partial function to individuals by electrically stimulating different parts of the visual pathway (retina, optic nerve, or cortex) and have become an increasingly prominent topic in the field of neural prosthetics. A prosthesis may provide useful visual percepts in the form of spots of light called phosphenes.
These phosphenes form rudimentary building blocks in prosthetic vision that can be used to realize more complex patterns representing visual scenes. The possibility of restoring vision by using multiple simultaneously elicited phosphenes with a microelectronic prosthesis is the foundation for current clinical trials and is the general assumption made in prosthetic visual simulations….
Cai et al. investigated prosthetic visual acuity by altering the geometric irregularity of simulated phosphene maps and two different down-sampling schemes. Their findings showed that the irregularity of simulated phosphene maps had a negative effect on visual acuity”. y Zhao et al 2011.
Holographic optogenetic stimulation of patterned neuronal activity is also being explored for vision restoration. Again such systems make use of phosphenes to deliver information to the visual system. G A Goetz et al 2013.
Orientation Preference Maps
Edge orientation is a primary function of orientation preference mapping. This is of interest as it has been found that the sparsity of long-range inhibition in V1 plays a key functional role in preserving the normal vision state. It also contributes to the observed regularity of geometric visual hallucinations (i.e phosphenes). The results provide an explanation for the observed sparsity of long-range inhibition in V1—this generic architectural feature is an evolutionary adaptation that tunes V1 to the normal vision state. In addition, it has been shown that exactly the same long-range connections play a key role in the development of orientation preference maps.. Thomas Charles Butler et al 2011.
The cortical mechanisms that generate geometric visual hallucinations (phosphenes) are closely related to those used to process edges, contours, surfaces, and textures. PC Bressloff PC et al 2002.
Orientation selective cells are thought to be the building blocks of form perception and the neural elaboration of forms (Inner Vision by S Zeki).
Moiré interference from retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is one model for the origin of orientation maps.
It has been speculate that in species with well-developed orientation columns, the fine structure of the initiation of the travelling wave may vary when the orientation of the visual stimulus changes. Weifeng Xu et al 2007.
Previously it has been suggested that the structure of the orientation preference maps were generating phosphenes, but it may be the case that they are acting as filters and translating and stabilising phosphenes into solid visual image.
The Quantum Zeno Effect and Binocular Rivalry
Efstratios Manousakis has recently given a quantum mechanical description of the phenomena of binocular rivalry. It rests heavily upon the quantum Zeno effect, which is a strictly quantum mechanical effect that has elsewhere been proposed as the key feature that permits the free choices on the part of an observer to influence his or her bodily behavior.. Within the von Neumann dynamical framework this intervention can, with the aid of quantum Zeno effect, cause a person’s brain to behave in a way that causes the body to act in accord with the person’s conscious intent (Henry P Stapp. 2013).
It is also theorised that magnetoreception is based on a quantum zeno effect (e.g IK Kominis).
Dissipative solitons have been found to be stabilized by a quantum Zeno-like effect. Hong-Gang Luo et al 2008. They can create bistability (U Bortolozzo et al 2005). Dissipative solitons in reaction diffusion systems behave like particles.
Both bistability and associated hysteresis loops can result from chemical kinetics.
Perhaps the spiral form could act as a zeno maze within the retina.
Quantum Zeno Effect and Optical Illusions
Prof Manousakis has suggested that the ability to flip an ambiguous image is akin to quantum superposition, in which both possible interpretations co-exist simultaneously in a state that can be expressed as a quantum wave function. Each time the image is viewed, the wave function collapses and one or the other interpretations is perceived”.
Prof Manousakis has now laid out a theory of how a quantum effect could influence image flips in binocular rivalry studies and then, as good science demands, made some predictions. His predictions are based on the rate that nerve cells fired in the brain. It turns out that the hallucinogenic drug LSD can slow the firing rate of brain cells and, when he factored this effect into his quantum model, he predicted the flip rates would change too.
This is precisely what subjects who took LSD reported in experiments conducted by another group. "My theory simply explains their findings in a simple way… his theory suggests that when a stimulus such as vision freezes, the perceived time slows to a standstill.
www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3312624/A-quantum-theory-of-dreams.html
A "Flipping" effect takes place during "Pareidolia", which is a psychological phenomenon involving a vague and random stimulus (often an image or sound) being perceived as significant. Common examples include seeing images of animals or faces in clouds, the man in the moon or the Moon rabbit, and hearing hidden messages on records when played in reverse (see Wikipedia on Apophenia). Artists often use such effects to create visual metaphors or analogies, suggesting that there is a neurological links between these and pareidolia.
Necker Zeno-Model
A theoretical approach to describe the dynamics of alternating perceptive configurations was recently proposed in terms of the so-called Necker-Zeno model (Atmanspacher et al. 2004). This model is inspired by the Zeno effect for unstable quantum states (Misra and Sudarshan 1977) and describes the perceptual instability of ambiguous stimuli in a formal fashion. In contrast to attempts to apply standard quantum physics to brain functioning and consciousness directly, the Necker-Zeno model is based on a generalized formal framework, particularly suited for applications beyond physics (Atmanspacher et al. 2002). Earlier suggestions to use Zeno-type arguments for cognitive systems are due to Ruhnau (1995) and Stapp (1999). H. Atmanspacher et al 2007.
Another model supports speculation that the fractal character of perceptual dominance time series may be understood in terms of nonlinear and re-entrant dynamics of brain processing. Precept reversals are induced by attention fatigue and noise, with an attention bias which balances the relative precept duration. Dynamical coupling of the attention bias to the perception state introduces memory effects leading to significant long range correlations of perceptual duration times as quantified by the Hurst parameter H > 0.5 (Mandelbrot, The fractal geometry of nature, 1991), in agreement with Gao et al.
N Fürstenau - 2010
Optical Illusions are increasingly offering an interesting avenue of neurological research.
Examination of individuals with schizophrenia demonstrates that they are less susceptible to perceptual illusions than controls.
For instance, the McGurk phenomenon by which incongruence between certain lip movements and speech sounds produces the perception of alternative speech sounds appears to be exhibited to a lesser degree in individuals with schizophrenia (Pearl et al., 2009).
Moreover, these individual identify a “hollow” face produced by inverting the binocular depth information of a facial image, whereas control subjects who illusorily perceive it in its naturally convex state (Schneider et al.1996, 2002).
They also respond differently to the rubber hand illusion.
Varying research findings have suggested that people with autism and Asperger’s Syndrome are both more and less susceptible to visual illusion.
Recognition speed for impossible figures, a task that depends on the holistic integration of long-range spatial information across a scene, is observed to be enhanced in dyslexia without compromising speed . One study found that people with dyslexia identified simplified Escher-like pictures as impossible or possible in an average of 2.26 seconds; typical viewers tend to take a third longer.
Abnormal saccades and neurological conditions
It is known that many neurological conditions include abnormal saccades or eye movements during reading e.g dyslexia (GF Eden 1994), autism (Y Takarae 2004) schizophrenia (PJ Benson 2012), Alzheimers (KL Lueck 2000), Huntingdons (J Rupp - 2011), etc.
There can also be problems with depth perception and light sensitivity, focal attention, binocular vision (e.g dyslexia J Stein - 1997) etc. Problems with depth and light sensitivity are sometimes referred to as scotopic sensitivity syndrome. Motion perception deficits have been described previously in schizophrenia (Chen et al., 1999), Williams' syndrome (Atkinson et al., 1997), dyslexia (Livingstone et al., 1991) and autism (Spencer et al., 2000.
These conditions have also been associated with weaknesses in short term memory and difference in neural oscillations. There can also be other sensory differences e.g sound, smell, etc.
In 1986 Bernado Huberman (a physicist) used a non-linear model to describe erratic eye movements. He focused on schizophrenia, but it was also noted that such eye movements were found in the healthy relatives of patients with schizophrenia and people with many other neurological conditions. He found by obtaining the state diagram of such a model as a function of target frequency and amplitude, (this) showed the existence of a chaotic regime characterized by a strange attractor in phase-space and associated random velocity arrests in the eye dynamics. BA Huberman 1987.
Common visual hallucinations (form constants and phosphenes): fractual effects, moire patterns and spiral waves
What Geometric Visual Hallucinations Tell Us about the Visual Cortex Bressloff, Cowan, Golubitsky, Thomas, Wiener; Neural Computation 14 (2002) 473–491.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphene
http://onlyhdwallpapers.com/tag/illusions/
What is the Nature of Optical Illusions
http://www.123rf.com/photo_5319817_optical-art-grid-in-black-and-grey-with-white-dots.html
The link between altered states of consciousness (e.g through use of LSD), Moire Patterns, and Optical Illusions was identified some decades ago - see Moire Patterns and Visual Hallucinations by G Oster
It has been suggested that neurons could receive quantum wave function input as a result of observing moire patterns... at a certain moment or angle constitutes the whole vision conscious experience, thereby giving rise to a single state or terminates that culmination in the perception of moire patterns. The outcome of this collapse is regulated and determined by Newtonian physics - if the difference between matter and energy superposition states becomes gravitationally significant. Within this context the inter-relationship of quantum mechanics and consciousness may be analogous to the concept of the holography paradigm (Dr Kareem I Batarseh in Biological Cybernetic Trends 2007)
Geometric Hallucinations and Neurological Conditions
http://www.anthonypeake.co.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?f=30&t=1845
http://www.migraine-aura.com/content/e27891/e27265/e26585/index_en.html
Migraine Art: Macrosomatognosia. © 2007 Migraine Action Association and Boehringer Ingelheim Limited
Further images can be found in: Migraine Art: The Migraine Experience from Within. Phosphene type imagery is also generated in other conditions e.g MS and epilepsy.
Recent studies have found transient and spatially confined waves were first suggested to cause aura symptoms. Furthermore, unstable—and thus also transient and spatially confined—waves, termed particle-like waves have been found and studied in the chemical Belousov-Zhabotinskii (BZ) reaction and their spatio-temporal dynamics are described by reaction-diffusion equations. Markus Dahlem et al 2004 and 2009
Spiral neurodynamics have linked to visual geometric hallucination (Bressloff et al., 2001; Kilpatrick and Ermentrout, 2012a,b; Froese et al., 2013).
The phosphenes organization is rather fractal in nature, repeating the same patterns at different size scales. The mathematician Cowan (see above) found that the predicted patterns from his calculations closely matched phosphenes, and suspected these patterns might arise from a type of Turing mechanism. Similarities with the BZ reaction have also been noted. http://plus.maths.org/content/uncoiling-spiral-maths-and-hallucinations
Perhaps these are also acting as cellular automata, creating a Turing machine. Within the field of DNA computing it has been found that given simple, periodic inputs, chemical reactions and diffusion can reliably emulate the dynamics of a deterministic cellular automaton.. Reaction-diffusion based cellular automata could potentially be built in vitro using networks of DNA molecules that interact via branch migration processes and could in principle perform universal computation, storing their state as a pattern of molecular concentrations, or deliver spatiotemporal instructions D Scalise - 2014
The cortical mechanisms which generate geometric visual hallucinations are closely related to those used to process edges, contours, textures and surfaces (Bressloff 2002).
http://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photos-geometric-pattern-image3665408
Perceived phosphenes can occur through ionizing radiation, electrical, or magnetic stimulation of the visual cortex Manzar Ashtari et al 2014
Research on astronauts experiencing phosphenes found that frequency [of phosphenes] was up to 25 times higher near the magnetic poles than in equatorial latitudes”,
Photic stimulation within a specific frequency and luminance range also causes them in control subjects.D H Ffytche 2008.
They are associated with flickering light, TMS, psychedelic drug use, meditation, neurological conditions (including migraine with aura, stress, psychosis, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinsons and Dementia with Lewy bodies, insulin hypoglycemia), fever, falling asleep and waking up, sensor deprivation.
Phosphenes are also associated with changes in blood pressure, or in mechanical or metabolic changes such as low oxygenation or lack of glucose.
Children have an ability, which diminishes with adolescence, to evoke phosphenes quite easily. Phosphenes may indeed be an important part of the child's real environment, since he/she may not readily distinguish this internal phenomenon from those of the external world (Oster 1970:83).
Also see I Bokkon et al 2008 for further information on phospshenes.
Stimulating the visual cortex at the extreme rear of the brain interrupts the patient's normal vision and causes him to see specks of light. When electrodes are moved to the adjacent region, the visual associative area, the patient reports seeing phosphenes of geometric design. When the electrodes are moved father forward, the patient frequently reports a visual scene of some past experience that is so vivid as to be current (Oster 1970:86).
Orientation Selection Maps
The orientation selection map is a hallmark of primary visual cortex in higher mammals. It is not yet known how orientation maps develop, what function they have in visual processing and why some species lack them. Se-Bum Paik et al 2011.
Findings suggest discrimination of the local orientation of spiral or Moire (Glass) patterns early in the human visual cortext.
Spiral Waves, Binocular Rivalry, and Microsaccades
http://www.psy.vanderbilt.edu/faculty/blake/rivalry/waves.html
Spiral waves can be perceived as sweeping waves of visibility that occur when two eyes view radially different stimuli (binocular rivalry).
These fluctuating states of perceptual dominance and suppression are thought to provide a window into the neural dynaimcs that underlie conscious visual awareness. Hugh R. Wilson et al 2001
In the binocular SC, large retinal waves are required for meditating successful binocular competition, when waves are small binocular segregation is improved. M Furman et al 2013
It has been proposed that the most likely trigger for a microsaccade would be the break up of the spiral formation currently capturing fixation, thus “releasing” fixation. Nicholas Wilkinson et al 2013.
It has also been suggested that self organisation plays a part in binocular Rivalry e.g Haken
Binocular Rivalry
During rivalry, transitions in dominance from one stimulus to the other can appear highly ordered. Rather than constituting an abrupt transition from one view to the other, one experiences waves of dominance whereby one stimulus sweeps the other out of conscious awareness. These waves of dominance are particularly prominent with larger rival patterns subtending several degrees of visual angle. Every few seconds the perceptual every few seconds the perceptual dominance will dominance will switch switch….
Tibetan Buddhist monks can slow and even stop binocular rivalry during one point meditation. People with bipolar disorder show slower than normal switching show slower than normal switching (Pettigrew & Miller, 1998)….. The active A study using psilocybin (the active compound in compound in ““magic mushrooms) found that the speed of magic mushrooms) found that the speed of binocular rivalry switching can be reliably slowed, in proportion to the drug’’s s affects on attention & arousal. Olivia Carter (2006)
Such a system could be utilising Gabor wavelets and filters
Gabor wavelet is considered the best mathematical descriptor for striate cortex receptive fields (Palmer, 1999; Buser & Imbert, 1992), which is selective to a particular orientation and spatial frequency. Careful comparison is done by (Jones & Palmer 1987) which supported this claim. It can be used to describe the orientation and spatial-frequency tuned receptive fields of simple cells in V1 (Marcelja, 1980). The design of biological cells fits the two 90 degree phase difference representations of Gabor wavelet (Pollen, 1981). Nuo Wi Tay et al 2010.
Perhaps this system is using a Gabor-Einstein wavelet, as perceptual and electrophysiological studies reveal similarities between how space and time are mixed in the visual cortex and how they are mixed in the special theory of relativity. Analysis and computer simulations show that the distribution of temporal frequency filtering properties along the motion processing stream is a direct effect of the way the brain jointly encodes space and time.....The perception of motion is likely a higher order phenomenon that emerges out of the elaborate nonlinear connection network. SG Odaibo - 2014
No comments:
Post a Comment