Conniff M (2005) Just what is a blog, anyway? Online Journalism Review, 29 September. Available at: www.ojr.org/ojr/stories/050929/

 

How many Targeted Individuals did it take to make American and German Corporations Rich during the 3rd Reich ?
WirtschaftsWoche has published a league table illustrating the Nazi past of top German firms like Bosch, Mercedes, Deutsche Bank, VW and many others, which involved the use of almost 300,000 slaves.
The Bayer aspirin company has finally apologized for the inhumane acts of its parent firm including using Jewish slave laborers during the Holocaust. "I have sorrow and regret and apologize for the inhumanity in my country for what I.
G. Farben did to your people," Helge Wehmeier, the head of Bayer Corp., told Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel at a lecture last week. Bayer's parent company, Bayer AG, was part of the German chemical conglomerate I.
G. Farben, which used Jewish slaves at its factories during the Holocaust including one at which Wiesel worked as a teenager. I.
G. Farben also had a significant investment in a company that made Zyklon B gas, which was used to kill hundreds of thousands of Jews at Auschwitz the concentration camp in Poland where Wiesel's mother and sister died. Last Wednesday's lecture, at which Wehmeier introduced Nobel Prize-winning Wiesel, almost didn't happen. Wiesel found out months ago that Bayer was a sponsor of the Three Rivers Lecture Series in Pittsburgh, and he canceled his appearance. When the director of the series, Dennis Ciccone, told Wehmeier that Wiesel declined to attend because Bayer was a sponsor, Wehmeier visited Wiesel at his New York apartment. "I was very moved by the man," Wiesel told the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. "I explained to him the situation. And I said to him, 'Look, Bayer never apologized.
' I said it straight out. "And he said, 'What if I apologize?
' "Right then, I knew he would do it, and do it well," Wiesel said. During his lecture, Wiesel noted that Wehmeier who was born in 1943 was hardly responsible for the actions of his forefathers. "It's not your fault that I.
G. Farben was guilty," he said in his lecture. And Wehmeier spoke of his "shock and shame" at learning of the actions of the Nazi regime. "I'd like a future relationship between Germans and Jews that will not solely be defined by Hitler," he said.
Germany’s largest bank, Deutsche, did not employ slaves but became hugely wealthy under Nazism. The bank sacked all Jewish directors when the Nazis came to power and from 1938 onwards became the richest in Germany by taking part in the ‘Aryanising’ – or taking over – of Jewish-owned businesses.
Train builder and electrical engineering giant Siemens still plays its cards close to its chest about wartime activities.
The research director of the German Museum in Berlin said that what it has admitted so far about its past is merely a ‘house history’. Companies such as the sporting goods supplier Adidas and the high street retailer C&A are still working on company histories about their time under Nazism.
HOW MANY SLAVES DID GERMAN FIRMS TAKE FROM THE NAZIS?
1. IG Farben – 83,000
2. BASF, Bayer and Hoechst – 80,000
3. ThyssenKrupp – 75,000
4. BMW – 50,000
5. Daimler (Mercedes) – 40,000
6. Bosch – 20,000
7. Audi - 20,000
8. VW – 12,000
Top German companies a decade ago contributed £3billion into a fund to compensate forced labourers enslaved in Third Reich factories.
Under a programme organised by Fritz Sauckel – who was hanged at Nuremberg for war crimes – over two million people were brought to Germany from conquered lands to work for the new master race.
Many of these went to private companies, like VW and BASF, while tens of thousands more were conscripted to work under the most appalling conditions producing weaponry.
These included the slaves who built the V1 and V2 Rockets and other massive construction projects, such as the Valentin submarine base in Bremen.
The Nazis differed from other regimes throughout histroy which used slave labour. Romans and Greeks, for example, valued and revered their forced labourers wile the Nazis treated them with immense crulety.
VW, for example, had something called the ‘dying room’ where female forced labourers who gave birth had to leave their newborns to die.
Most of the agricultural slaves came from the occupied eastern territories of Poland, the Baltic states and Russia. Because the Slavik people were regarded as subhuman in the Nazi racial lexicon, casualty rates among them were the highest of all.
Dark past: Chemical manufacturer IG Farben even had a factory inside Auschwitz (pictured) that used prison labour in the production of synthetic rubber and oil. However, their most ghastly act was in the sale of Zyklon B - the poison used in the Nazi gas chambers. At its peak in 1944, this factory made use of 83,000 slave laborers
Dark past: Chemical manufacturer IG Farben even had a factory inside Auschwitz (pictured) that used prison labour in the production of synthetic rubber and oil. However, their most ghastly act was in the sale of Zyklon B – the poison used in the Nazi gas chambers. At its peak in 1944, this factory made use of 83,000 slave laborers

Slave labourers were used after the 1943 Dambuster raid to repair the breached dams in the Ruhr Valley and many French workers were press-ganged into backbreaking work building Hitler’s Atlantic wall meant to stave off a seaborne invasion launched from England.
BASF built a plant at Auschwitz to produce synthetic rubber and inmates there had a life expectancy measured in weeks. Soviet PoWs concripted to work in Nazi industrial plants suffered death rates of between 90 and 97 per cent.

In 2011, after decades of silence, the dynasty behind the BMW luxury car marker admitted using slave labour, taking over Jewish firms and doing business with the highest echelons of the Nazi party during World War Two.
Gabriele Quandt, whose grandfather Guenther employed an estimated 50,000 forced labourers in his arms factories, producing ammunition, rifles, artillery and U-boat batteries, said it was ‘wrong’ for the family to ignore this chapter of its history.
He spoke out after an in-depth study by Bonn-based historian Joachim Scholtyseck, commissioned by the family, that concluded Guenther Quandt and his son Herbert were responsible for numerous Nazi injustices.
It found Guenther acquired companies through the Nazi programme of ‘Aryanisation’ of Jewish-owned firms.
Herbert Quandt was ‘part of the system’, son Stefan Quandt said after the conclusion of the three-year study – forced on the family by public outrage over a German TV documentary – compiled using company files from the 12-year period of the Third Reich.
The Quandt family bought into BMW 15 years after the War.
Guenther became a Nazi Party member on May 1, 1933, a month after Adolf Hitler achieved supreme power in Germany.
But he had long used a network of party officials and Wehrmacht officers to build up contacts for lucrative state contracts.
Married to Magda Behrend Rietschel, Guenther was divorced by her in 1929 although they remained on friendly terms.
She went on to marry the ‘poison dwarf’ of the Nazi party, the propaganda maestro Joseph Goebbels, and would die with him – after murdering their six children – in Hitler’s bunker in 1945.
The company grew rich in the Nazi era. In 1937, Hitler bestowed on Guenther the title Wehrwirtschaftsführer – leader of the armament economy – and his business supplied weapons using slave labourers from concentration camps in at least three factories.
Hundreds of these labourers died.
An execution area to murder those who displeased their masters was found in one of his plants in Hannover and the study mentions the fate of a Polish man who was hanged at another plant in front of 50 other inmates.

The study showed that the Quandt firms also used Russian POWs as slave labourers and that Guenther and Herbert knew about them, detailing their dispersion among their empire from the company HQ in Berlin.
Herbert even employed Ukrainian slaves on his weekend retreat outside the Reich capital.
Guenther was described as an ‘opportunist’ who enthusiastically helped the regime to rid Berlin industries of Jewish workers before the start of the war.
This was despite his numerous contacts with Jewish bankers in the years before the Nazis began their climb to power.
He was also ‘unscrupulous’ in his take-overs of Jewish firms which were forcibly sold for a pittance to loyal German industrialists such as himself.
‘The family patriarch was part of the Nazi regime’, judged the historian in the 1,200 page study.
‘The Quandts connected themselves inseparably with the crimes of the National Socialists.’
BMW, of which the Quandts became major shareholders 15 years after the war, was not implicated in the documentary.
‘We were treated terribly and had to drink water from the toilets. We were also whipped,’ said Takis Mylopoulos, a forced labourer who worked in Quandt’s Hannover plant.
In 1946 Guenther Quandt was arrested and interned. To the surprise of many, he was judged to be a ‘Mitlaufer’, or fellow traveller - namely someone who accepted the Nazi ideology but did not take an active part in crimes.
He was released in January 1948.
One of the prosecutors in the Nuremberg trials, Benjamin Ferencz, now says that if today’s evidence against him had been presented to the court at the time,’Quandt would have been charged with the same offences as the directors of IG Farben’ – the makers of the gas used to murder the Jews at Auschwitz.
Quandt was able to re-install himself in the supervisory boards of various German firms such as Deutsche Bank. He also became an honorary citizen of the University in Frankfurt in 1951.
He died on holiday in Cairo on December 30, 1954.
KRUPP, DAIMLER-BENZ, BASF, DEUTSCHE BANK AND I G FARBEN… THE SHAMEFUL NAZI CONNECTION
The two most powerful Nazi industrialists, Alfried Krupp of Krupp Industries and Friedrich Flick, whose Flick Group eventually owned a 40 per cent stake in Daimler-Benz, had been central figures in the Nazi economy.
Their companies used slave labourers like cattle, to be worked to death.
The Krupp company soon became one of Europe’s leading industrial combines.
The Flick Group also quickly built up a new pan-European business empire. Friedrich Flick remained unrepentant about his wartime record and refused to pay a single Deutschmark in compensation until his death in July 1972 at the age of 90, when he left a fortune of more than $1billion, the equivalent of £400million at the time.
‘For many leading industrial figures close to the Nazi regime, Europe became a cover for pursuing German national interests after the defeat of Hitler,’ says historian Dr Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, an adviser to Jewish former slave labourers.
‘The continuity of the economy of Germany and the economies of post-war Europe is striking. Some of the leading figures in the Nazi economy became leading builders of the European Union.’
Numerous household names had exploited slave and forced labourers including BMW, Siemens and Volkswagen, which produced munitions and the V1 rocket.
Slave labour was an integral part of the Nazi war machine. Many concentration camps were attached to dedicated factories where company officials worked hand-in-hand with the SS officers overseeing the camps.
Hermann Abs, post-war Germany’s most powerful banker, had prospered in the Third Reich.
Dapper, elegant and diplomatic, Abs joined the board of Deutsche Bank, Germany’s biggest bank, in 1937. As the Nazi empire expanded, Deutsche Bank enthusiastically ‘Aryanised’ Austrian and Czechoslovak banks that were owned by Jews.
By 1942, Abs held 40 directorships, a quarter of which were in countries occupied by the Nazis. Many of these Aryanised companies used slave labour and by 1943 Deutsche Bank’s wealth had quadrupled.
Abs also sat on the supervisory board of I.G. Farben, as Deutsche Bank’s representative. I.G. Farben was one of Nazi Germany’s most powerful companies, formed out of a union of BASF, Bayer, Hoechst and subsidiaries in the Twenties.
It was so deeply entwined with the SS and the Nazis that it ran its own slave labour camp at Auschwitz, known as Auschwitz III, where tens of thousands of Jews and other prisoners died producing artificial rubber.
When they could work no longer, or were verbraucht (used up) in the Nazis’ chilling term, they were moved to Birkenau. There they were gassed using Zyklon B, the patent for which was owned by I.G. Farben.
But like all good businessmen, I.G. Farben’s bosses hedged their bets.
During the war the company had financed Ludwig Erhard’s research. After the war, 24 I.G. Farben executives were indicted for war crimes over Auschwitz III – but only 12 of the 24 were found guilty and sentenced to prison terms ranging from one-and-a-half to eight years.
I.G. Farben got away with mass murder.
Extract from a 2009 Mail Online article by Adam Lebor.
AUDI: ‘Firmly ensnared’ in Nazi regime
Car giant Audi employed thousands of concentration camp inmates during the Second World War and was ‘firmly ensnared’ in the Nazi regime, an investigation found last month.
During the war years, Audi was known as Group Auto Union and, in a deal brokered by the SS, hired 3,700 concentration camp inmates to work in what was then Germany’s second biggest car firm.
The academic study also revealed another 16,500 forced laborers, who were not imprisoned in concentration camps, were working in Auto Union plants.

Authors of the study, economic historian Rudolf Boch of the University of Chemnitz, and Martin Kukowski, head of the Department of history at Audi, were granted access to the Audi archives for the first time for their ‘house cleaning’ history of the firm.
Their book, Wartime Economy And Labour Usage Of Auto Union Chemnitz AG During The Second World War, centres on the firm, which was the only serious competitor to Mercedes during the 12 year lifespan of the Third Reich, with a 20 percent market share for luxury cars.
During the war some of the plants were turned over to military production, churning out tanks and air-craft engines.
The 500 page report claims that Auto Union – now Volkswagen’s luxury marque Audi – built its success on the back of human misery and suffering, and that founder Dr Richard Bruhn was largely responsible for the firm’s large-scale exploitation of forced labour.
‘More than 20,000 forced laborers were used in the production of Auto Union in their Saxon works, including almost one-fifth from concentration camps,’ said the study authors.
Conditions in the concentration camp in the city of Zwickau, where many workers were held, were particularly appalling with 1,000 prisoners – many of them forced labourers from France – living in unheated barracks.
‘The conditions were devastating,’ said the historians.
The researchers also discovered that disabled workers were shipped north to the Flossenburg concentration camp to be executed, and their numbers replaced with prisoners from that camp.
Towards the end of the war, 688 Zwickau inmates were sent on a death march to Karlovy Vary, now in the Czech Republic, with almost half of them dying on the way.
Audi recognised its wartime guilt in using forced labour more a decade ago, paying massive amounts into the £3billion fund which German industry set up to compensate Nazi slave workers and their descendants.
The company was founded in 1932 following a merger of four car makers, and dropped the Auto Union name after a further merger in 1985.

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